command prompt full tutorial basics and hacks

command prompt full tutorial

a ADDUSERS Add or list users to/from a CSV file
ADmodcmd Active Directory Bulk Modify
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
ASSOC Change file extension associations•
ASSOCIAT One step file association
AT Schedule a command to run at a specific time ATTRIB Change file attributes
b
BCDBOOT Create or repair a system partition
BCDEDIT Manage Boot Configuration Data
BITSADMIN Background Intelligent Transfer Service
BOOTCFG Edit Windows boot settings
BROWSTAT Get domain, browser and PDC info
c
CACLS Change file permissions
CALL Call one batch program from another•
CERTREQ Request certificate from a certification authority
CERTUTIL Utility for certification authority (CA) files and services
CD Change Directory - move to a specific Folder•
CHANGE Change Terminal Server Session properties
CHKDSK Check Disk - check and repair disk problems
CHKNTFS Check the NTFS file system
CHOICE Accept keyboard input to a batch file
CIPHER Encrypt or Decrypt files/folders
CleanMgr Automated cleanup of Temp files, recycle bin
CLIP Copy STDIN to the Windows clipboard
CLS Clear the screen•
CMD Start a new CMD shell
CMDKEY Manage stored usernames/passwords
COLOR Change colors of the CMD window•
COMP Compare the contents of two files or sets of files
COMPACT Compress files or folders on an NTFS partition
COMPRESS Compress one or more files
CONVERT Convert a FAT drive to NTFS
COPY Copy one or more files to another location•
CSCcmd Client-side caching (Offline Files)
CSVDE Import or Export Active Directory data
d
DATE Display or set the date•
DEFRAG Defragment hard drive
DEL Delete one or more files•
DELPROF Delete user profiles
DELTREE Delete a folder and all subfolders
DevCon Device Manager Command Line Utility
DIR Display a list of files and folders•
DIRQUOTA File Server Resource Manager Disk quotas
DIRUSE Display disk usage
DISKPART Disk Administration
DISKSHADOW Volume Shadow Copy Service
DISKUSE Show the space used in folders
DOSKEY Edit command line, recall commands, and create macros
DriverQuery Display installed device drivers
DSACLs Active Directory ACLs
DSAdd Add items to active directory (user group computer)
DSGet View items in active directory (user group computer)
DSQuery Search for items in active directory (user group computer)
DSMod Modify items in active directory (user group computer)
DSMove Move an Active directory Object
DSRM Remove items from Active Directory
e
ECHO Display message on screen•
ENDLOCAL End localisation of environment changes in a batch file•
ERASE Delete one or more files•
EVENTCREATE Add a message to the Windows event log
EXIT Quit the current script/routine and set an errorlevel•
EXPAND Uncompress CAB files
EXTRACT Uncompress CAB files
f
FC Compare two files
FIND Search for a text string in a file
FINDSTR Search for strings in files
FOR /F Loop command: against a set of files•
FOR /F Loop command: against the results of another command•
FOR Loop command: all options Files, Directory, List•
FORFILES Batch process multiple files
FORMAT Format a disk
FREEDISK Check free disk space
FSUTIL File and Volume utilities
FTP File Transfer Protocol
FTYPE File extension file type associations•
g
GETMAC Display the Media Access Control (MAC) address
GOTO Direct a batch program to jump to a labelled line•
GPRESULT Display Resultant Set of Policy information
GPUPDATE Update Group Policy settings
h
HELP Online Help
HOSTNAME Display the host name of the computer
i
iCACLS Change file and folder permissions
IEXPRESS Create a self extracting ZIP file archive
IF Conditionally perform a command•
IFMEMBER Is the current user a member of a group
IPCONFIG Configure IP
INUSE Replace files that are in use by the OS
l
LABEL Edit a disk label
LOGMAN Manage Performance Monitor logs
LOGOFF Log a user off
LOGTIME Log the date and time in a file
m
MAKECAB Create .CAB files
MAPISEND Send email from the command line
MBSAcli Baseline Security Analyzer
MEM Display memory usage
MD Create new folders•
MKLINK Create a symbolic link (linkd) •
MODE Configure a system device COM/LPT/CON
MORE Display output, one screen at a time
MOUNTVOL Manage a volume mount point
MOVE Move files from one folder to another•
MOVEUSER Move a user from one domain to another
MSG Send a message
MSIEXEC Microsoft Windows Installer
MSINFO32 System Information
MSTSC Terminal Server Connection (Remote Desktop Protocol)
n
NET Manage network resources
NETDOM Domain Manager
NETSH Configure Network Interfaces, Windows Firewall & Remote access
NBTSTAT Display networking statistics (NetBIOS over TCP/IP)
NETSTAT Display networking statistics (TCP/IP)
NLSINFO Display locale information (reskit).
NLTEST Network Location Test (AD)
NOW Display the current Date and Time
NSLOOKUP Name server lookup
NTBACKUP Backup folders to tape
NTDSUtil Active Directory Domain Services management
NTRIGHTS Edit user account rights
NVSPBIND Modify network bindings
o
OPENFILES Query or display open files
p
PATH Display or set a search path for executable files•
PATHPING Trace route plus network latency and packet loss
PAUSE Suspend processing of a batch file and display a message•
PERMS Show permissions for a user
PERFMON Performance Monitor
PING Test a network connection
POPD Return to a previous directory saved by PUSHD•
PORTQRY Display the status of ports and services
POWERCFG Configure power settings
PRINT Print a text file
PRINTBRM Print queue Backup/Recovery
PRNCNFG Configure or rename a printer
PRNMNGR Add, delete, list printers and printer connections
ProcDump Monitor an application for CPU spikes
PROMPT Change the command prompt•
PsExec Execute process remotely
PsFile Show files opened remotely
PsGetSid Display the SID of a computer or a user
PsInfo List information about a system
PsKill Kill processes by name or process ID
PsList List detailed information about processes
PsLoggedOn Who's logged on (locally or via resource sharing)
PsLogList Event log records
PsPasswd Change account password
PsPing Measure network performance
PsService View and control services
PsShutdown Shutdown or reboot a computer
PsSuspend Suspend processes
PUSHD Save and then change the current directory•
q
QGREP Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
Query Process / QPROCESS Display processes
Query Session / QWinsta Display all sessions (TS/Remote Desktop)
Query TermServer /QAppSrv List all servers (TS/Remote Desktop)
Query User / QUSER Display user sessions (TS/Remote Desktop)
r
RASDIAL Manage RAS connections
RASPHONE Manage RAS connections
RECOVER Recover a damaged file from a defective disk
REG Registry: Read, Set, Export, Delete keys and values
REGEDIT Import or export registry settings
REGSVR32 Register or unregister a DLL
REGINI Change Registry Permissions
REM Record comments (remarks) in a batch file•
REN Rename a file or files•
REPLACE Replace or update one file with another
Reset Session Delete a Remote Desktop Session
RD Delete folder(s)•
RMTSHARE Share a folder or a printer
ROBOCOPY Robust File and Folder Copy
ROUTE Manipulate network routing tables
RUN Start | RUN commands
RUNAS Execute a program under a different user account
RUNDLL32 Run a DLL command (add/remove print connections)
s
SC Service Control
SCHTASKS Schedule a command to run at a specific time
SET Display, set, or remove session environment variables•
SETLOCAL Control the visibility of environment variables•
SetSPN Edit Service Principal Names
SETX Set environment variables
SFC System File Checker
SHARE List or edit a file share or print share
ShellRunAs Run a command under a different user account
SHIFT Shift the position of batch file parameters•
SHORTCUT Create a windows shortcut (.LNK file)
SHUTDOWN Shutdown the computer
SLEEP Wait for x seconds
SLMGR Software Licensing Management (Vista/2008)
SORT Sort input
START Start a program, command or batch file•
STRINGS Search for ANSI and UNICODE strings in binary files
SUBINACL Edit file and folder Permissions, Ownership and Domain
SUBST Associate a path with a drive letter
SYSMON Monitor and log system activity to the Windows event log
SYSTEMINFO List system configuration
t
TAKEOWN Take ownership of a file
TASKLIST List running applications and services
TASKKILL End a running process
TELNET Communicate with another host using the TELNET protocol
TIME Display or set the system time•
TIMEOUT Delay processing of a batch file
TITLE Set the window title for a CMD.EXE session•
TLIST Task list with full path
TOUCH Change file timestamps
TRACERT Trace route to a remote host
TREE Graphical display of folder structure
TSDISCON Disconnect a Remote Desktop Session
TSKILL End a running process
TSSHUTDN Remotely shut down or reboot a terminal server
TYPE Display the contents of a text file•
TypePerf Write performance data to a log file
TZUTIL Time Zone Utility
v
VER Display version information•
VERIFY Verify that files have been saved•
VOL Display a disk label•
w
W32TM Time Service
WAITFOR Wait for or send a signal
WEVTUTIL Clear event logs, enable/disable/query logs
WHERE Locate and display files in a directory tree
WHOAMI Output the current UserName and domain
WINDIFF Compare the contents of two files or sets of files
WINRM Windows Remote Management
WINRS Windows Remote Shell
WMIC WMI Commands
WUAUCLT Windows Update
x
XCACLS Change file and folder permissions
XCOPY Copy files and folders
:: Comment / Remark•

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how to make a pendrive bootable without software

insert the pendrive and follow the steps below

commands:

1.open command prompt
2.diskpart
3.list disk
4.select disk 1
5.clean
6.create partition primary
7.select partition 1
8.active
9.format fs=ntfs quick
10.assign
11.exit

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LINUX ADMINISTRATION : BASIC COMMANDS

1.To check the present working directory 

[root@localhost -]# pwd

Verification

 /root

2. To show the contents of a directory (folder)

 [root@localhost -]# ls

 Verification 

anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop install.log ipstall,log.syslog

3. To see more details including the permission regarding the contents of a directory (folder) 

[root@localhost -]# ls -1 

Verification

total 76 
-rw-r--r--    1    root root 1049  Apr   2  2007 anaconda.cfg
drwxr-xr-x 2    root root 4096   Mar 14 20:13 Desktop
 -rw-r--r--   1    root root 46871 Apr  2  2007 install.log
rw-r--r--     1    root root 5175   Apr   2  2007 inst.syslog

[root@localhost -]# l l 

Verification 

total 76
-rw-r--r--    1 root root  1049   Apr   2 2007   anaconda.cfc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  4096   Mar  14 20:13 Desktop
 -rw-r--r--   1 root root  46871 Apr  2  2007   install.log
 -rw-r--r--   1 root root  5175   Apr  2  2007    inst.syslog

4. To see all contents directory (folder) 

[root@localhost 

Verification  

.gnome2private     .esd_auth         .tcshrc 

.evolution              .thumbnails     .fonts.cache-1- 

.Trash                  .gconf .viminfo     .gconfd 

.Xauthority     .gnomeinstall.loc     .elinks 

.syslog                 .gstreamer-0.8   anaconda-ks.cfg

 .gtkrc                .bash_history           .gtkrc-1

.2-gnome2          .baskjogout .ICEauthority 

.bash_profile       .rnd     .gnome2 

.ssh 

s hidden files 

.camel_certs 

.metacity 

.config 

.mozilla 

.cshrc 

.nautilus 

Desktop 

.recently-used 

.dmrc 

.rhn-applet.conf 

.eggcups 

.bashrc install.log 

of 

 

5. To see tree structure of nested directories 

[root@localhost -j# is -R /opt 

Verification

 /opt: 

way2backdoor

 

/opt/way2backdoor:

way2ackdoora 

/opt/way/way2ackdoorba:

way2backdoorb 

/opt/way2backdoor/way2backdoora/way2backdoorb: 

way2backdoorS 

/opt/way2backdoor/way2backdoora/way2backdoorb/way2backdoors: 

20 

6. To see a file starting from f 

[root@localhost-]#ls f*

Verification  

food fish fool fun final 

7. To see a file whose lenth is 6 characters

 [root@localhost-]# 1s ?????

Verification  

Centos fedora Ubuntu packet 

8. To create a file 

Iroot@localhost -J# cat > filel 

hi how are you, how is your zoom 

ctr1+d (to save) 

9. To see file content 

(root@local -1)# cat filel 

hi how are you how is your zoom 

10. To append a file 

,root@localnosL cat >> filel 

- very nice 

[root@localhost -] # cat filel file2 >> file3 

[root@localhost -]#  cat file3 

11. To create a file using touch command 

[root@localhost -]# touch fl f2 f3 f4 

[root@localhost -]# ls

Verification 

anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop install.log install.log.syslog fl f2 f3 f4 

12. Creating a single directory 

[root@localhost -]# mkdir dir 

13. Creating multiple directories 

[root@localhost -]# mkdir dirl dir2 dir3 dir4

[root@localhost -]# ls

Verification 

anaconda-ks.cfq dir' dir2 dir4 f2 f4 file install.log labmanual 

Desktop dirl install.log.syslog 

dir3 

fl 

f3 filel file: 

14. To create nested directories

 [root@localhost -]# mkdir -p dl/d2/d3/d4

 15. To see the tree structure 

[root@localhost -]# ls

Verification 

dl: d2 dl/d2: d3 dl/d2/d3: d4 dl/d2/d3/d4: 

[root@localhost -]#  

16. To change a directory 

[root@localhost -]# cd dirt

 [root@localhost dirl]# cd 

[root@localhost -]# cd ../.. 

[root@localhost /]# cd -/root 

[root@localhost -]# pwd /root 

[root@localhost -]# cd 

[root@localhost -]# pwd /root 

[root@localhost -]# 

17. To remove files 

[root@localhost -]# rm file1 

rm: remove regular file 'filel'? y 

18. To remove an empty directory

 [root@localhost -]# rmdir dirl 

[root@localhost -]# ls

 anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop dir2 dir4 f2 f4 file3 install.log.syslog dl dir dir3 fl f3 file2 install.log 

19. To remove a directory 

[root@localhost -]#rm -rf dir

[root@localhost -]#ls

ana4. ins Li 

labmanual 

di dir2 dir4 insLall.log.syslog

 20. To copy files 

[root@localhost -]# cp anaconda-ks.cfg filel 

[root@localhost -]# cat filel 

21. To copy folders 

[root@localhost -]# cp -r dir2 Desktop

[root@localhost -]# ls Desktop 

22. To rename directories and files 

[root@localhost -]# my dir3 d4 

[root@localhost -]# ls 

Verification 

anaconda-ks.cfg d4 install.log.syslog dl Desktop install.log labmanual 

dir2 fi f3 filel dir4 f2 f4 file2 

23. To move directories and files 

[root@localhost -]# my dir2 /opt 

[root@localhost -]# ls 

Verification 

file3 

anaconda-k3,.cfq d4 dir4 f2 f4 f ile2 insLali.log labmiinual f-T filel file3 di Deskt,J,p fl install.log.syslog 

[root@localhost -]# cd /opt 

[root@localhost opt]# ls

dir2 zoom 

24. To search a word from single or multiple file's 

[root@localhost -]# grep tom /etc/passwd  /etc/group  /etc/gshadow 

/etc/passwd:tom:x:500:500::/home/tom:/bin/bash 

/etc/group:tom:x:500:

 /etc/gshadow:tom:!:: 

[root@localhost -]# cat /etc/passwd grep tom 

25. To see the type of file 

[root@localhost -]# file * 

26. To view the date 

[root@localhost -]# date 

[root@localhost -]# date -s"sat july 15 10:20:10 ist 2013" 

Day/mm/dd/hh:mm:ss/year Tue Jul 15 00:06:00 EDT 2013 

27. To view the calendar for complete year 

[root@localhost -]# cal 12 200 

28. To take help of command 

[root@localhost -1# man mkdir 

29. To see the content screen wise 

[root@localhost -1#ls -l /bin | less

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Top 12 android hacking tools

Lets see 12 Android Hacking Apps that are meant for hacking, hackers, security researchers

1.Hackode

Hackode : The hacker’s Toolbox is an application for penetration tester, Ethical hackers, IT administrator and Cyber security professional to perform different tasks like reconnaissance, scanning performing exploits etc.

2.Androrat

Remote Administration Tool for Android. Androrat is a client/server application developed in Java Android for the client side and in Java/Swing for the Server.

3.APKinspector

APKinspector is a powerful GUI tool for analysts to analyse the Android applications. The goal of this project is to aide analysts and reverse engineers to visualize compiled Android packages and their corresponding DEX code.

4.DroidBox

DroidBox is developed to offer dynamic analysis of Android applications.

5.Burp Suite

Burp Suite is an integrated platform for performing security testing of web applications. Its various tools work seamlessly together to support the entire testing process, from initial mapping and analysis of an application’s attack surface, through to finding and exploiting security vulnerabilities.

6.zANTI

zANTI is a comprehensive network diagnostics toolkit that enables complex audits and penetration tests at the push of a button. It provides cloud-based reporting that walks you through simple guidelines to ensure network safety.

7.DroidSheep

DroidSheep can be easily used by anybody who has an Android device and only the provider of the web service can protect the users. So Anybody can test the security of his account by himself and can decide whether to keep on using the web service.

8.dsploit

dSploit is an Android network analysis and penetration suite which aims to offer to IT security experts/geeks the most complete and advanced professional toolkit to perform network security assessments on a mobile device.

9.AppUse

Android Pentest Platform Unified Standalone Environment:- AppSec Labs recently developed the AppUse Virtual Machine. This system is a unique, free, platform for mobile application security testing in the android environment, and it includes unique custom-made tools created by AppSec Labs.

10.shark for Root

Traffic sniffer, works on 3G and WiFi (works on FroYo tethered mode too). To open dump use WireShark or similar software, for preview dump on phone use Shark Reader. Based on tcpdump.

11.Nmap for Android

Nmap (network mapper) is one the best among different network scanner (port finder) tool, Nmap mainly developed for Unix OS but now it is available on Windows and Android as well. Nmap for android is a Nmap apps for your phone! Once your scan finishes you can e-mail the results. This application is not a official apps but it looks good.

12.SSHDroid

Android Secure Shell: Secure shell or SSH is the best protocol that provides an extra layer of security while you are connecting with your remote machine.SSHDroid is a SSH server implementation for Android. This application will let you to connect to your device from a PC and execute commands (like “terminal” and “adb shell”).

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kali linux full basic commands

All commands (A-Z) for Kali Linux here:

a
apropos Search Help manual pages (man -k)
apt-get Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
aptitude Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
aspell Spell Checker
awk Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index

b
basename Strip directory and suffix from filenames
bash GNU Bourne-Again SHell 
bc Arbitrary precision calculator language 
bg Send to background
break Exit from a loop •
builtin Run a shell builtin
bzip2 Compress or decompress named file(s)

c
cal Display a calendar
case Conditionally perform a command
cat Concatenate and print (display) the content of files
cd Change Directory
cfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
chgrp Change group ownership
chmod Change access permissions
chown Change file owner and group
chroot Run a command with a different root directory
chkconfig System services (runlevel)
cksum Print CRC checksum and byte counts
clear Clear terminal screen
cmp Compare two files
comm Compare two sorted files line by line
command Run a command - ignoring shell functions •
continue Resume the next iteration of a loop •
cp Copy one or more files to another location
cron Daemon to execute scheduled commands
crontab Schedule a command to run at a later time
csplit Split a file into context-determined pieces
cut Divide a file into several parts

d
date Display or change the date & time
dc Desk Calculator
dd Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records
ddrescue Data recovery tool
declare Declare variables and give them attributes •
df Display free disk space
diff Display the differences between two files
diff3 Show differences among three files
dig DNS lookup
dir Briefly list directory contents
dircolors Colour setup for `ls'
dirname Convert a full pathname to just a path
dirs Display list of remembered directories
dmesg Print kernel & driver messages 
du Estimate file space usage

e
echo Display message on screen •
egrep Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression
eject Eject removable media
enable Enable and disable builtin shell commands •
env Environment variables
ethtool Ethernet card settings
eval Evaluate several commands/arguments
exec Execute a command
exit Exit the shell
expect Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminal
expand Convert tabs to spaces
export Set an environment variable
expr Evaluate expressions
f
false Do nothing, unsuccessfully
fdformat Low-level format a floppy disk
fdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
fg Send job to foreground 
fgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string
file Determine file type
find Search for files that meet a desired criteria
fmt Reformat paragraph text
fold Wrap text to fit a specified width.
for Expand words, and execute commands
format Format disks or tapes
free Display memory usage
fsck File system consistency check and repair
ftp File Transfer Protocol
function Define Function Macros
fuser Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file

g
gawk Find and Replace text within file(s)
getopts Parse positional parameters
grep Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
groupadd Add a user security group
groupdel Delete a group
groupmod Modify a group
groups Print group names a user is in
gzip Compress or decompress named file(s)

h
hash Remember the full pathname of a name argument
head Output the first part of file(s)
help Display help for a built-in command •
history Command History
hostname Print or set system name

i
iconv Convert the character set of a file
id Print user and group id's
if Conditionally perform a command
ifconfig Configure a network interface
ifdown Stop a network interface 
ifup Start a network interface up
import Capture an X server screen and save the image to file
install Copy files and set attributes

j
jobs List active jobs •
join Join lines on a common field

k
kill Stop a process from running
killall Kill processes by name

l
less Display output one screen at a time
let Perform arithmetic on shell variables •
ln Create a symbolic link to a file
local Create variables •
locate Find files
logname Print current login name
logout Exit a login shell •
look Display lines beginning with a given string
lpc Line printer control program
lpr Off line print
lprint Print a file
lprintd Abort a print job
lprintq List the print queue
lprm Remove jobs from the print queue
ls List information about file(s)
lsof List open files

m
make Recompile a group of programs
man Help manual
mkdir Create new folder(s)
mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes)
mkisofs Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem
mknod Make block or character special files
more Display output one screen at a time
mount Mount a file system
mtools Manipulate MS-DOS files
mtr Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)
mv Move or rename files or directories
mmv Mass Move and rename (files)

n
netstat Networking information
nice Set the priority of a command or job
nl Number lines and write files
nohup Run a command immune to hangups
notify-send Send desktop notifications
nslookup Query Internet name servers interactively

o
open Open a file in its default application
op Operator access 

p
passwd Modify a user password
paste Merge lines of files
pathchk Check file name portability
ping Test a network connection
pkill Stop processes from running
popd Restore the previous value of the current directory
pr Prepare files for printing
printcap Printer capability database
printenv Print environment variables
printf Format and print data •
ps Process status
pushd Save and then change the current directory
pwd Print Working Directory

q
quota Display disk usage and limits
quotacheck Scan a file system for disk usage
quotactl Set disk quotas

r
ram ram disk device
rcp Copy files between two machines
read Read a line from standard input •
readarray Read from stdin into an array variable •
readonly Mark variables/functions as readonly
reboot Reboot the system
rename Rename files
renice Alter priority of running processes 
remsync Synchronize remote files via email
return Exit a shell function
rev Reverse lines of a file
rm Remove files
rmdir Remove folder(s)
rsync Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)

s
screen Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh
scp Secure copy (remote file copy)
sdiff Merge two files interactively
sed Stream Editor
select Accept keyboard input
seq Print numeric sequences
set Manipulate shell variables and functions
sftp Secure File Transfer Program
shift Shift positional parameters
shopt Shell Options
shutdown Shutdown or restart linux
sleep Delay for a specified time
slocate Find files
sort Sort text files
source Run commands from a file `.'
split Split a file into fixed-size pieces
ssh Secure Shell client (remote login program)
strace Trace system calls and signals
su Substitute user identity
sudo Execute a command as another user
sum Print a checksum for a file
suspend Suspend execution of this shell •
symlink Make a new name for a file
sync Synchronize data on disk with memory

t
tail Output the last part of file
tar Tape ARchiver
tee Redirect output to multiple files
test Evaluate a conditional expression
time Measure Program running time
times User and system times
touch Change file timestamps
top List processes running on the system
traceroute Trace Route to Host
trap Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)
tr Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
true Do nothing, successfully
tsort Topological sort
tty Print filename of terminal on stdin
type Describe a command •

u
ulimit Limit user resources •
umask Users file creation mask
umount Unmount a device
unalias Remove an alias •
uname Print system information
unexpand Convert spaces to tabs
uniq Uniquify files
units Convert units from one scale to another
unset Remove variable or function names
unshar Unpack shell archive scripts
until Execute commands (until error)
uptime Show uptime
useradd Create new user account
userdel Delete a user account
usermod Modify user account
users List users currently logged in
uuencode Encode a binary file 
uudecode Decode a file created by uuencode

v
v Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
vdir Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
vi Text Editor
vmstat Report virtual memory statistics

w
wait Wait for a process to complete •
watch Execute/display a program periodically
wc Print byte, word, and line counts
whereis Search the user's $path, man pages and source files for a program
which Search the user's $path for a program file
while Execute commands
who Print all usernames currently logged in
whoami Print the current user id and name (`id -un')
wget Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP
write Send a message to another user 

x
xargs Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)
xdg-open Open a file or URL in the user's preferred application.

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